CAPITAL COST

Fixed Capital Cost

A) Direct Costs

1. Delivered equipment cost
2. Special cost for equipment
3. Installation cost
4. Piping cost
5. Electrical avrilianies
6. Instrumentation and control
7. Support systems
8. Main plant building and services
9. Auxillary buildings and services
10. Services
11. Site development
12. Land purchase and rights

B) Indirect Costs

1. Engineering and supervision
2. Construction expenses
3. Contractors fee
4. Contigency

Total Product Costs (TPC)

A) Operating Costs

1. Direct operating

• raw materials, solvent etc. (fuel can be a different item)
• operating laber
• supervision and clerical labor
• maintanence and repair
• utilities
• operating supplies
• lab. charges

2. Fixed charges

• depreciation
• decommisioning fund
• property tables
• insurance

3. Overhead costs

• medical
• safety and protection
• packacing
• restaurant
• recreational etc.

B) General Expenses

1. Administrative costs
2. Distribution and selling cost
3. Research and development

C) Financing Cost (cost of barrowed money, interest)

DECOMMISSIONING

To remove nuclear facilities from service and to reduce residral radioactivity to a level allowing unrestricted use.
Removal of spent fuel is considered to be an operational activity, so not included in decommissioning
Non-radioactive structures and materials aren't involved
~%85 of a nuclear power plant is not radioactive
~%99 of radioactivity is shipped away as spent fuel and low level waste right after shut down.

GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL

Especially for High Level Waste (HLW) or Spent Fuel (SF), adaptable to non-HLW:
Put it into a deep hole underground and fill up the hole, later seal the underground cavities
2 principal objectives;

1. isolation of waste from people to make incidental or intentional access to the waste highly imprbable
2. isolaiton of waste from groundwater which is the most likely (if not the only possible) vehicle to carry to people

In the long run, achieve these objectives without maintenance or survelience.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE

Any waste material whose radioactivity exceeds certain limits, established by goverments or local authorities, guided by recommodations of ICRP (international commision radiation protection) (defines MPC's in H2O and air)

JOB of NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT

To prevent radioactive contamination of the biosphere by nuclear wastes, down to a level so small compared to background as to be generally accepted as tolerable.

URANIUM in NATURE

SUPPLY QUESTİONS
Resources: The quantity of a mineral existing in nature
Reserve: The quantity of a mineral that can be recovered and sold at a profit at any given time Forwrad Cost: a common term in supply evaluation, cost of producing U once an ore supply has been discovered, explored, evaluated. It covers costs of mining and milling doesn't cover exploration, assesment, profit, land or mining-right puchase.

Reasably Assured Resources -> RAR
Estimated Additional Resources -> EAR1-2
Speculative Resources -> SR
RAR(<80$/kgU)=1.5 Mt
EAR1(<80$/kgU)=0.91 Mt
RAR(80-130$/kgU)=0.63 Mt
EAR1(80-130$/kgU)=0.35 Mt
EAR2 and SR (OECD total) 10-22 Mt A rule of thumb a 1000 MWe LWR for 30 years on once through cycle requires ~5000 ton natural U.
Then world's 350 GWe with 3.4 Mt of natural U goes for about 55 years.

HISTORICAL NOTES

1789 discovery of U by M.H. Kleprathe by treating pitchblende with HNO3. It was in fact an oxide named after (Uranus 1781)
1841 obtaining metal by Peligot by heating UCl4 with K only use is for coloroing purposes
1896 discovery of radioactivity by Bequerel and Marie Curie U was mined for its Ra content
1932 discovery of neutron by Chadwick
1938 discovery of fission by Otto Hahn et al. in Berlin
1939 World War 2
1941 discovery of Pu by Seeborg at al.
1942 fast chain reaction at Chicago Pile1 by Fermi at al.
1945 July16 Trinity-Alamogadro(Los Alamos)(Pu), August6 Hiroşima(U bomb), August10 Nagazaki(Pu bomb)
1951 1st nuclear electricity demo -> 4 bulbs were turned on Idaho(EBR-1)
1954 APS-1 (Obninsk Moscow) 5 MWe (ancestor of reactors)
1960 1st commercial Nuclear Power Plant(NPP), Dresden-1 (U.S.) 207 MWe
1965 48 NPPs -> 5.25 GWe
1970 89 NPPs -> 16.65 GWe
1975 175 NPPs -> 72.5 GWe
1980 253 NPPs -> 136.8 GWe
2000 ~440 NPPs -> 350 GWe